Techniques for monitoring solar array performance and applications thereof

ABSTRACT

An automated method to monitor performance of a terrestrial solar cell array tracking the sun. The solar cell system includes drive means that adjust a position of the array along different respective axes with respect to the sun using the drive means. The techniques include predicting the position of the sun during a time period, and sampling an output parameter of the array indicative of performance. The sampled data may be used to identify a fault in the solar cell array, for example a misalignment or a failure of one or more solar cells, in which case a notification of that fault may be generated for the operator or a control signal may be output for correcting the fault. Alternatively, an output signal may be sent to an external system associated with the solar cell system. Various alignment testing routines for checking the solar tracking are described. These routines may involve moving a solar cell array to a reference position at the start of, or during, an alignment routine in order to improve accuracy of position measurement during the routine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/498,135 filed Jul. 6, 2009; Ser. No. 12/468,747 filed May19, 2009, and 12/258,253 filed on Oct. 24, 2008, the disclosures of eachof which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to solar tracking for terrestrial solar cellarrays and more particularly to techniques for monitoring performancemetrics of the array during solar tracking, and adjusting the motion ofthe array so that it is more accurately aligned with the sun.

BACKGROUND

In solar tracking systems, generally one or more terrestrial solar cellarrays track the motion of the sun and convert sunlight into electricalenergy. Accurate solar tracking is necessary because the amount of powergenerated by a given solar cell is related to the amount of sunlightthat impinges on that solar cell. This is a particular concern for aconcentrating solar cell array which uses lenses to focus sunlight ontorespective solar cells because a tracking misalignment of only a fewdegrees can significantly reduce the amount of sunlight impinging on thesolar cells and hence the power output of the solar cells. Solartracking is achieved by properly orientating the array relative to thesun at an initial time instant and then using motors and actuators tomove the array (e.g., in roll and pitch or in azimuth and elevationdirections) along a predetermined path that properly tracks movement ofthe sun. However, from time to time deviations may still occur fromaccurate alignment of the solar array with the sun.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a row of solar cell arrays which track the positionof the sun during the day.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portion of the row of solar cell arrays from FIG.1, illustrating motor controls for adjusting a roll position and a pitchposition of the solar cell arrays of the row.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a mount connected to a longitudinalsupport according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an implementation of a terrestrial solartracking system.

FIG. 5 is a plot of actual azimuth and elevation values for the sun, forsun elevation angles over 15 degrees, during three exemplary days.

FIG. 6 illustrates the actual path of the sun in comparison with anactual alignment direction resulting from a misaligned solar tracking.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a process for monitoring an output parameterof a solar cell array or group of solar cell arrays for determining anoptimized roll position.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a process for monitoring an output parameterof a solar cell array or group of solar cell arrays for determining anoptimized pitch position.

FIG. 9 illustrates a system for monitoring performance of a solar cellarray.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An exemplary embodiment of a terrestrial solar power system isillustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, which illustrate a solar cell array farm100 configured as a row of solar cell arrays each capable of trackingthe sun throughout the day. Each solar cell array comprises four solarcell modules 115, with each solar cell module 115 including a generallyrectangular sub-array of solar cell devices. In this embodiment, eachsolar cell device is a concentrating solar cell device having arectangular concentrator lens 140 (in this embodiment a Fresnel lens)which, when properly aligned, focuses sunlight onto a solar cellreceiver including a triple-junction III-V compound semiconductor solarcell.

The amount of power generated by the array is directly related to theamount of sunlight impinging upon the constituent solar cells. It isadvantageous, therefore, to arrange the concentrating lenses 140 of thesolar cell devices such that when the plane of the concentrator lenses140 is orthogonal to the incoming rays of the sun, the concentratinglenses 140 direct impinging sunlight onto their corresponding solarcells so that power generation is maximized. To that end, a solartracking mechanism is employed that ensures that the plane ofconcentrator lenses 140 results in a sun beam being projected on thecenter of the respective solar cells in a continuous manner as the suntraverses the sky during the day, thereby optimizing the amount ofsunlight impinging upon the solar cells. As will be discussed in moredetail hereafter, to verify correct alignment with the sun, theterrestrial solar power system is also able to perform an alignmenttest.

While only a single row of solar cell arrays is shown in FIG. 1, thesolar tracking and alignment testing techniques discussed herein may beimplemented on solar cell array farms that are formed of rows andcolumns of solar cell arrays, each operating independently, in fullunison, or in partial unison during solar tracking.

As shown, the row of solar cell arrays is supported by an elongatedframe assembly 110 configured to mount clusters of solar cell modules115 in a longitudinally-extending and spaced-apart arrangement. Frameassembly 110 includes a longitudinal support 120 positioned above asurface 300 by spaced-apart vertical supports 130. In this embodiment,the longitudinal support 120 is a pipe with a diameter of about 4 inchesand includes a thickness of about 0.167 inches. The pipe includes alength of about 192″ and weighs about 110 lbs.

The longitudinal support 120 may be extended by adding one or morediscrete sections 121 that are connected together in an end-to-endarrangement. The lengths and construction of each section 121 may be thesame or may be different. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, thelongitudinal support 120 has been extended by the addition of twosections 121, each sized to mount a single solar cell array. The modulardesign allows a user to construct the frame assembly 110 to a lengthneeded to support any desired number of solar cell modules 115. That is,additional sections 121 may be added to an existing frame assembly 110to accommodate additional solar cell arrays, as may be necessary for therow of solar cell arrays to produce the desired power output.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the solar cell modules 115 within each solarcell array are connected to the frame assembly 110 using mounts 160. Thesolar cell modules 115 are mounted to the mounts 160 by way of, forexample, a jackscrew, threaded rod, and pivot point (e.g., a hinge)arrangement so that rotation of the jackscrew causes movement of thethreaded rod resulting in rotation about the pivot point. In this way,the solar cell modules 115 may be aligned relative to the mounts 160.

The vertical supports 130 are spaced apart along the length of thelongitudinal support 120. The vertical supports 130 include a lengthadequate to position the solar cell modules 115 above the surface 300for rotation about the axis of the longitudinal support 120. Therefore,the vertical supports 130 are longer than a height of the mounts 160 andthe solar cell modules 115.

The vertical supports 130 are positioned along the longitudinal support120 away from the mounts 160 to prevent interference with the movementof the solar cell modules 115. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the verticalsupports 130 are in a non-overlapping arrangement with the solar cellmodules 115. Various numbers of vertical supports 130 may be positionedalong the length of the longitudinal support 120. In the embodiment ofFIG. 1, a vertical support 130 is positioned between each solar cellarray. In other embodiments, the vertical supports 130 are spaced agreater distance apart along the longitudinal support 120. In onespecific embodiment, the vertical supports 130 include a 4 inch by 4inch rectangular shape, and include a thickness of about 0.188 inches.The vertical supports 130 may also be supported in a concrete pad.

Each mount 160 includes a pair of mount frames, each formed bytransverse members 162 and longitudinal members 163, with each mountframe supporting a pair of solar cell modules 115. Mounts 160 may havemount frames of different sizes to accommodate different numbers ofsolar cell modules 115.

The mounts 160 are positioned at various spacings along the length ofthe longitudinal support 120. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the mounts 160are spaced along the longitudinal support 120. For each mount 160, thepair of mount frames are offset on opposing sides of the longitudinalsupport 120 directly across from one another, so that one pair of solarcell modules 115 are positioned on one side of the longitudinal support120 and another pair of solar cell modules 115 are positioned on theother side of the longitudinal support 120. Such offset positioningassists to balance the solar cell array, thereby facilitating rotationabout the axis of the longitudinal support 120. Other configurations arepossible, including providing uneven numbers of solar cell modules 115on opposing sides of the longitudinal support 120.

Each mount 160 has a pivot rod 165 that facilitates pivoting motion ofthe solar modules 115 about the axis of the pivot rod 165. In thisembodiment, the pivot rod 165 extends through a base 166, on which themount frames are mounted, from an upper base plate 166 b to a lower baseplate 166 a. Other configurations of pivot rod are possible. Further,the pivot rod 165 may be a single elongated member or may be constructedof separate members that are positioned in an end-to-end orientation andconnected to the base 166.

As shown in FIG. 2, each of the solar cell modules 115 comprises a 3×5array of solar cell devices each having an associated concentrator lens140. One of ordinary skill would understand that any arrangement ofsolar cell devices may be possible in a module, such as, for example, a1×1, 2×2, or 5×8 array of solar cell devices. As shown in FIGS. 1-3, asolar cell array if formed by grouping solar cell modules 115 intoclusters (or groups). The grouping of the modules 115 into clustersallows the roll and pitch of each cluster to be controlled separatelyfrom the other clusters. While a 2×2 cluster of four solar cell modules115 is shown, any of a variety of arrangements are possible such as, forexample, a 1×1 cluster or a 1×3 cluster. The solar cell modules 115 mayalso be configured as stand alone modules for which no groups are formedat all.

A roll drive means 170 is connected to the longitudinal support 120 toprovide a force to rotate the longitudinal support 120 about an axis Agenerally aligned with the longitudinal axis of the longitudinal support120. Such movement will hereafter be referred to as rolling the solarcell modules 115 or rotating the solar cell modules 115 in a rolldirection. In this embodiment, the roll drive means 170 is positioned atone end of the longitudinal support 120. Roll drive means 170 mayinclude a drive train with one or more gears that engage with thelongitudinal support 120. Additional roll drive means 170 may beconnected along the length of the longitudinal support 120 to provideadditional rotational force.

A pitch drive means 175 is also connected to the longitudinal support120 to rotate each cluster of solar cell modules 115 along a respectiveaxis B which is substantially perpendicular to axis A. In particular,the axis B is generally aligned with the pivot rod 165 for the clusterof solar cell modules 115. Such movement will hereafter be referred toas pitching the solar cell modules 115 or rotating the solar cellmodules 115 in a pitch direction.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, in this embodiment the pitch drive means 175is connected, via a connector 180, to a mount 160 having first andsecond arms 181, 182, connected together at a neck 183, on opposingsides of the base 166. The pitch drive means 175 provides a force torotate that mount 160 about axis B, and connections are provided betweenthat mount 160 and the other mounts 160 so that a corresponding rotationoccurs for the other mounts 160. The pitch drive means 175 may include adrive train with one or more gears that engage with the mount 160. In analternative embodiment, the pitch drive means 175 and the roll drivemeans 170 may share a common actuator to provide rotational forceselectively around the first axis A and the second axis B.

Each solar cell module 115 is moved into position to track the sun byrotating the module 115 about the first axis A and the second axis Busing the roll drive means 170 and the pitch drive means 175. Acontroller 190 controls the movement of the terrestrial solar trackingarray 100. The controller 190 includes a microcontroller with associatedmemory. In one embodiment, the controller 190 includes a microprocessor,random access memory, read only memory, and an input/output interface.The controller 190 controls operation of one or more roll motors 311which form part of the roll drive means 170 and rotate the longitudinalsupport 120 and the solar cell modules 115 about the first axis A. Thecontroller 190 also controls the one or more pitch motors 310 which formpart of the pitch drive means 175 to rotate the clusters of solar cellmodules 115 about their respective second axes B. The controller 190includes an internal timing mechanism such that the operation of themotors corresponds to the time of day enabling the solar cell modules115 to track the azimuth and elevation of the sun.

Each solar cell module 115 includes a printed circuit board (PCB) 195connected to controller 190. The PCBs 195 send information such asmeasured power output from each solar cell receiver in the solar cellmodule 115. In another example, each PCB 195 sends the collectivemeasured power for the entire solar cell module 115 to the controller190. In another example, a PCB may be assigned to each solar cellcluster (i.e., the 2×2 cluster of four solar cell modules 115 betweensupports 130 in the illustrated example) and send the collectivemeasured power output from the solar cell array to the controller 190.The transmitted data may be encoded to identify which receiver, module,and/or solar cell array the measured power data has originated from. Ifadditional sensors (e.g., alignment triggering sensors) are provided,then the PCBs 195 may transmit sensed data as well. The PCBs 195 mayalso be used to receive information from the controller 190 based on thetime of day for the solar cell modules 115.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram schematically showing the basic functioning ofa terrestrial solar tracking system used in this embodiment. The systemreceives as input data (a) the date and a future time data 301 and (b)position data 302, including, e.g., longitude, latitude and elevationabove sea level. In this implementation, the system utilizes future timedata 301 rather than the current time data so that rather than laggingbehind the sun, the array can be oriented to align with the sun at itsexpected position at the future time.

At the start of the day, the future time specified in the future timedata 301 can be a start up future time when the solar cell modules 115are first oriented toward the sun for tracking during the daytime. Insome implementations, the start-up future time can be sunrise, so thatupon sunrise, the solar cell module 115 is aligned with the sun atsunrise. In other implementations, the start up future time is at somepredetermined time after sunrise. Using a start up time after sunriseallows the solar cell modules 115 to start tracking the sun from atilted start up position, instead of from a fully (or nearly) verticalposition facing the sunrise on the horizon. In some examples, the startup position corresponding to this start up time may be the same as the“parked” (or storage) position of the solar cell modules during a nightmode. For example, the start up position may be a predetermined angularposition of 15 degrees, instead of 0 degrees. Following the start uptime, to maintain alignment the system can repeat its alignmentcalculation periodically (e.g., every minute) or continuously, eachcalculation using an appropriate future time.

Based on at least the input data 301, 302, a sun position predictor inthe form of a sun position algorithm 303 calculates the position of thesun (e.g., its azimuth and elevation) relative to the solar cell arrayat that future time 304. In some implementations, the sun positionalgorithm 303 includes the Solar Position Algorithm (SPA) available fromthe National Renewable Energy Laboratory (seehttp://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/codesandalgorithms/spa/ andhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/34302.pdf, both of which areincorporated herein by reference).

The sun's azimuth and elevation at the future time 304 as output by thesun position algorithm 303 are input data to a kinematic model 305,which correlates the sun's azimuth and elevation with respectivepositions of the pitch motor 310 and the roll motor 311 to align thesolar cell modules 115 with the impinging sunlight. As such, thekinematic model 305 outputs appropriate pitch motor position data to apitch motion calculator 306 which generates and sends an appropriatecontrol signal to the motor controller 309 for the pitch motor 310, andoutputs appropriate roll position data 307 to a roll motion calculator307 which generates and sends an appropriate control signal to a motorcontroller 308 for the roll motor 311, so that the solar cell modules115 are aligned with the sun's elevation and azimuth at the future time304. Each of the motors 310, 311 includes a position encoder thatdetermines the current position of each respective motor (e.g., measuredby the rotational position of the drive shaft, represented as anintegral number of “counts” or increments of a predetermined numbers ofdegrees, starting from zero and continuing through 360 degrees for oneturn, 720 degrees for two turns, etc.). For control purposes, theposition data is fed back to the respective motor position calculator306, 307. The position encoder may determine position based on abaseline position corresponding to a start up position of the solar cellmodules 115. As described, this start up position for solar tracking maybe one in which the solar cell modules 115 start tracking the sun atsunrise. However, in other implementations, this start up positioncorresponds to a position at a future time after sunrise, at which thesolar cell modules 115 are to start tracking the sun.

Motor controllers 308, 309 allow the low-power logic signals based onthe algorithms to control the relatively high-power circuits of themotors 310, 311.

The data and algorithms of blocks 301-307 can be stored in one or moredata stores (e.g., magnetic media, solid state media, or other suitablememory structure). The processing of, e.g., blocks 303 and 305-307 canbe performed by, e.g., one or more microprocessors or special or generalpurpose computers.

FIG. 5 is a plot of actual azimuth and elevation values for the sun, forsun elevation angles above 15 degrees. Plot 400 shows one actual path ofthe sun in both azimuth and elevation during an example day. Plots 410and 420 each show a plot during two other days. As can be seen, plot 410generally shows an azimuth and elevation of the sun much higher thanplot 400, the “current” azimuth and elevation, while plot 420 generallyshows an azimuth and elevation much lower than plot 400. Thus, it may beconcluded that plots 410 and 420 occur during different seasons. Forexample, Plot 410 may occur closer to the summer months while plot 420may occur closer to the winter months.

While a solar tracking algorithm predicts or models the position of thesun throughout a typical year, misalignments between the position of thesun and the alignment of a solar cell array may occur for variousreasons. For example, there may be errors in the sun position algorithmor the kinematic model. Even if the sun position algorithm and kinematicmodel are correct at one time instance, movements of the solar cellarrays either on a slow timescale (e.g. a gradual sagging of thelongitudinal support 120 or subsidence of the whole row of solar cellarrays) or a fast timescale (for example earthquake movement) can leadto misalignment occurring. FIG. 6 illustrates the actual path of the sunin comparison to the actual alignment of a solar cell array havingmisaligned solar tracking.

To stay properly aligned with the sun during solar tracking, in thisembodiment the terrestrial solar tracking system performs an alignmenttesting routine to correct misalignment relative to the sun. Thealignment testing routine may be initiated manually by a user operationor automatically by the controller 190 based on a triggering event,which may be a sensed event or a predetermined time. As discussedhereafter, the alignment testing routine moves the solar cell modulesoff a current position in the roll and/or pitch directions whilemeasuring (e.g., “scoring”) the performance of a cluster of four solarcell modules 115, and analyses the measured performance data.

In this embodiment, the alignment testing routine separately incrementsthe roll position and the pitch position for a solar cell array andmonitors the output current and/or power of the solar cell array. (Forsimplicity, we may also use the term “power” herein although either theparameter current or power may actually be measured). FIG. 7 illustratesthe process steps for monitoring the power of a solar cell array usingan increment delta adjustment on the roll. Similarly, FIG. 8 illustratesthe process steps for monitoring the power of a solar cell array usingan increment delta adjustment on the pitch. Both FIGS. 7 and 8illustrate techniques that individually or in combination may be used tocorrect for misalignment in solar tracking, as well as any of the otheruses for monitored data as discussed herein.

As shown in FIG. 7, a performance-monitoring test is started at block500 with the solar array in a set position determined by the solartracking system. The roll position of the solar cell array is adjustedto a position an increment amount, delta, from the set position at block502. The current output of the cluster of solar cell modules 115 at thenew incremented position is then measured at block 504. Then the rollposition is then adjusted to a position decremented from the setposition by an amount delta at block 506. The current output of thecluster of solar cell modules 115 at the decremented position is thenmeasured at block 508. Based on the measured current or power from theincremented and decremented positions and the power at the original setposition, a re-evaluation of the position of maximum power for the rollis performed at block 510 and the roll position is set to the positionof “maximum power.” In particular, in this embodiment the re-evaluationof the maximum power position involves performing a weighted averagingof the incremented and decremented roll positions using thecorresponding measured power outputs as weighting factors for theincremented and decremented roll positions. The power of the originalset position may be sampled during block 510 or alternatively, datameasured prior to starting the test at block 500 may be used as a powermeasurement for the original set position.

If it is determined that the power has increased in the re-evaluatedmaximum power position compared with the original set position, then thealignment testing routine is repeated again using the re-evaluatedmaximum power position as the set position until the measured power isno longer increasing. If the measured power is no longer increasing,then at block 514 the system sets the cluster of solar cell modules 115to the determined roll position.

Similarly, FIG. 8 illustrates a corresponding set of process steps forthe pitch position. In the process implemented in FIG. 8, aperformance-monitoring test for the pitch position is started at block600. The pitch position of the solar cell array is adjusted to aposition an increment amount, delta, from an original set position atblock 602. The power output of the cluster of solar cell modules 115 atthe new incremented position is then measured at block 604. Then thepitch position is adjusted to a position decremented by an amount deltafrom the original set position at block 606, and the power output of thecluster of solar cell modules 115 at the decremented position ismeasured at block 608. Based on the measured power from the incrementedand decremented positions, a re-evaluation of the position of maximumpower for the pitch position is performed at block 610 using a weightedaveraging as described with reference to FIG. 7. If the power output hasincreased from that in the original set position at block 612, then thealignment testing routine is repeated again using the re-evaluated pitchposition as the original set position for further increments anddecrements until the measured power is no longer increasing. If themeasured power is no longer increasing, then at block 614 the systemsets the cluster of solar cell modules 115 to the determined pitchposition.

The adjustment of the roll and pitch positions performed in FIGS. 7 and8 above is complicated in this embodiment by the fact that the solarcell arrays are unbalanced and the positional feedback data providedfrom the position encoder in the roll and pitch motors exhibits somehysterisis (in other words, the previous movement history will affectthe relationship between the positional feedback data and the actualposition). To address this problem, in this embodiment during thealignment testing routine when the process of FIG. 7 is performed theroll position is first moved to a reference roll position to one side ofthe set position and then the roll position is varied in a singledirection to the incremented position and subsequently to thedecremented position. The roll position is then returned to thereference roll position, and then the roll position is moved to theposition of maximum power. The process of FIG. 8 is performed in ananalogous manner. The reference roll position and the reference pitchposition may correspond to a parked position for the solar cell array.In this way, by always moving in the same direction from a referenceposition more accurate positioning is achieved.

The monitored output parameter data from the cluster of solar cellmodules 115 may be used purely for data logging to facilitate futuremanual adjustment of the solar tracking system. Further, the monitoreddata may be collected, based on periodic measurements, and comparedagainst historical monitored data to identify trends in the monitoreddata, such as increasingly, progressive failure of the terrestrial solartracking system. In such examples, the regression analysis or othermeans may be used to determine if the monitored data reaches a thresholdlevel warranting action, and in response to reaching the threshold levelnotification indicating action is required is generated and output.

FIG. 9 provides a schematic illustration of a system 700 in which afirst subsystem 702, such as the alignment testing routine describedabove, monitors performance of a solar cell array 704. The monitoringsystem 702 may be triggered manually or automatically based on discreteevents or periodic measurements. The triggering may be based on actualmeasured event, heuristic assumptions of conditions pertinent tooperation, or other triggers. The triggering events may change over timeor in response to the type of monitoring. For example, if the monitoringsystem 702 is to monitor for a first type of performance metric, thenone triggering scheme may be used, while a different triggering schememay be used for a different type of performance metric.

The monitored data from the system 702 is provided to a second subsystem706 which takes the monitored data, analyzes the data, and then providesan output which preferably performs some modification, transformation,or actuation, etc. based on that analysis. The second subsystem 706 maycontain a processor for data analysis and a memory storage means forstoring physical data corresponding to solar cell array 704. In otherexamples, the subsystem 706 may be a motor control subsystem for thesolar cell array 704, a motor control subsystem for an entirelydifferent solar cell array, or some other type of actuation basedsystem.

As discussed above, the second subsystem 706 may compare the measuredperformance with a threshold value, and output a warning to an operatorif the measured performance crosses the threshold value. Alternatively,the subsystem 706 may be a processor-based system executing instructionsto take monitored data and automatically adjust the kinematic model forthe solar tracking system or the sun position algorithm.

In other embodiments, the subsystem 706 could be a separate system thatis interdependent upon the performance of the solar cell array 704. Forexample, the subsystem 706 could be a system (e.g., a facility,dwelling, group of buildings, device, assembly or the like) that has apower demand dependent upon the solar cell array 704. The subsystem 706,therefore, may output a power usage regulation control for that system,whereby the subsystem 706 adjusts power usage in response to monitoredperformance data.

In this embodiment, the monitored data corresponds to the power outputof a solar cell array formed by a cluster of solar cell modules 115.Alternatively, the monitored data can be collected on a per solar cellmodule basis to monitor performance of each solar cell module 115. Inthis way, a misalignment between solar cell modules, or clusters ofsolar cell modules may be detected and an output signal generatedindicating the misalignment. Further, the failure of a solar cell module115 may be detected and an output signal generated indicating thatfailure.

In other embodiments, however, the monitored data can be aggregated datafrom the terrestrial solar power system. Such monitoring allows a systemto monitor and control a series of arrays together for performanceoptimization.

In the illustrated embodiment, monitored data from one solar cell arrayis used to adjust the tracking for all solar cell arrays. This allowsone or a smaller number of solar cell modules 115 to be individuallymechanically adjusted, if need be, through the delta ranges on pitch,with respect to the position of other solar cell modules in the array. iThis could also be useful in that at a given time certain solar cellmodules 115 may be in direct view of the sun and thus more useful inmonitoring performance than solar cell modules under cover of cloud andblocked from direct sunlight.

The output parameter can be the normal output parameter measured for thesolar cell module 115, for example, the output current or the outputpower. Typically, during illumination the arrays constantly producecurrent, and therefore it is straightforward to provide electrical tapsat the module level, the cluster level, or the array level, to captureand measure the produced current associated with any one module, clusteror array, and transmit such parameters to a system monitor for real timeperformance monitoring and analysis, or to data storage, so that thedata can be accessed at a future time for analysis. The frequency withwhich the data is analyzed for alignment can vary, and can be atautomatic intervals or up from automatic or manual triggering events.The techniques may be executed automatically each day, each week, eachmonth, or seasonally. Of course, these are by way of example, as thetechniques may be executed more frequently as well, for example.

The system may consider numerous factors for measuring output parameterdata. In fact, such factors can be used to determine when to initiatethe alignment testing routine altogether, i.e., whether the outputparameter data should be analyzed in the first instance. Other factorsmay be used to determine whether to execute alignment adjustment of thesolar cell array based on the measured output parameters. For example, adecisional model may be used that analyzes power measured by the solarcell array and considers whether there has been a sudden drop in powerthat suggests an re-alignment is needed (such as a wind storm or groundshift) or a sudden drop that does not (such as a cloud moving betweenthe sun and array). Other factors may include the average power measuredover the day while solar tracking, historical data from previous,similar tracking periods (e.g., the day before, a similar day the yearbefore, etc.). In any event, the decisional model may consider all suchrelevant factors in determining whether to actually analyze the measuredparameter and determine whether a measured value suggests that alignmentis needed or not.

The algorithms of FIGS. 7 and 8 are example applications of themonitored data measured by the system. These algorithms can be initiatedmanually by operator initiation or automatically, such as atpredetermined intervals or at specifically determined events such as atstart up. Other triggering events include a sudden decrease in ameasured output parameter, which may indicate that the solar trackingroutine is not aligned, or more slowly varying errors such as currentlymeasured output parameters that are smaller in value than previousmeasurements from the same measurement period.

In an alternative embodiment, instead of measuring the power atincremented and decremented positions relative to the set position, thealignment testing routine may monitor the power and measure thepositions on either side of the set position at which a certainpercentage drop in power has occurred for both the roll position and thepitch position. The maximum power position may then be determined bycalculating the midpoint between the two measure positions. Again, theprocess is repeated in an iterative manner if the power at the maximumpower position is greater than the power at the set position.

The delta values discussed in FIGS. 7 and 8 may or may not be fixed. Thesame adjustment values may be made for pitch and roll in some examples.But in others the adjustment values will be different. These values maybe static, that is a fixed angle. In other examples, the amount ofadjustment may be determined by the actual monitored output parameter.Typically, the delta values will be less than 5°.

The performance monitoring and alignment algorithm of FIGS. 7 and 8 maybe performed as an auxiliary operation of a solar tracking mechanismthat optimally predicts the location of the sun at a future time, andorients the array such that it aligns with the sun at that future time.The algorithm therefore is able to add further optimization to such aroutine.

In addition to triggering based on sudden decreases, the algorithms maybe triggered by accumulated decreases over time, such as a continuousunexplained decrease in output power.

While in the embodiments discussed above, the power performance of thesolar cell array is monitored, in alternative embodiments the positionof the solar cells could be directly monitored. Separate sensors couldbe used to measure the position of the longitudinal or verticalsupports, for example, to measure against beam twisting or sagging. Inresponse to a threshold value being reached, a warning signal could beoutput to an operator. Other examples are described herein and yetothers will now become apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art.

The above embodiments have been described in the context of aterrestrial solar power system in which a plurality of solar cell arraysare mounted in a spaced configuration along a longitudinal support forrotation in tandem about an axis A generally aligned with thelongitudinal support, and with each array also being rotatable about arespective axis B generally orthogonal to the longitudinal support. Askilled person will recognize that the monitoring techniques describedabove can be used with other configurations of solar power system. Forexample, the monitoring techniques could be used with a terrestrialsolar tracking system having an array of solar cell modules mounted on asingle tower, with the array of solar cell modules being adjustable inthe azimuth direction and the elevation direction in order to track thesun.

Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments ofthe subject matter described in this specification can be implemented asone or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules ofcomputer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium forexecution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, amachine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, or a combination ofone or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompassesall apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including byway of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multipleprocessors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition tohardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computerprogram in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, aprotocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, aruntime environment or a combination of one or more of them. Apropagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., amachine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, thatis generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiverapparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can bedeployed in any form, including as a stand alone program or as a module,component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computingenvironment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to afile in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a filethat holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in amarkup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program inquestion, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store oneor more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer programcan be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computersthat are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded inanother device. Computer readable media suitable for storing computerprogram instructions and data include all forms of non volatile memory,media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductormemory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magneticdisks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto opticaldisks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can besupplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

While operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order,this should not be understood as requiring that such operations beperformed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or thatall illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results.In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may beadvantageous.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, otherembodiments are within the scope of the claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A solar cell system comprising: at least onephotovoltaic solar cell array, wherein each of the at least onephotovoltaic solar cell array comprises: a plurality of clusters ofsolar cell modules, wherein each of the plurality of clusters comprisesa plurality of solar cell modules, and roll and pitch apparatusconfigured to control the roll and pitch of each of the plurality ofclusters separately; and at least one controller operably coupled to theat least one photovoltaic solar cell array and configured to predict aposition of the sun during the course of a day and to determinerespective actuations for the roll and pitch apparatus corresponding tothe plurality of clusters of solar cell modules of the at least onephotovoltaic solar cell array being substantially aligned with the sunduring the course of the day.
 22. The solar cell system of claim 21,wherein each of the solar cell modules comprises a plurality of solarcell devices, wherein each of the solar cell devices comprises:semiconductor solar cell configured to convert sunlight into electricalenergy; and a concentrator lens configured to focus sunlight onto thesemiconductor solar cell.
 23. The solar cell system of claim 21, whereineach of the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules defines a pitchaxis, wherein the roll and pitch apparatus comprises a pitch driveapparatus configured to rotate at least one of the plurality of clustersof solar cell modules about the pitch axis.
 24. The solar cell system ofclaim 21, wherein each of the plurality of clusters of solar cellmodules defines a pitch axis, wherein two or more of the plurality ofclusters of solar cell modules are operatively connected together tomove about their pitch axes together.
 25. The solar cell system of claim21, wherein the plurality of clusters defines a roll axis, wherein theroll and pitch apparatus comprises at least one roll drive apparatusconfigured to rotate two or more of the plurality of clusters of solarcell modules about the roll axis.
 26. The solar cell system of claim 21,wherein the system further comprises at least one longitudinal supportfor each of the at least one photovoltaic solar cell array configured tomount the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules in alongitudinally-extending and spaced-apart arrangement; and at least onevertical support positioned along the at least one longitudinal support.27. The solar cell system of claim 21, wherein the at least onecontroller is further configured to output a plurality of sampled valuesof an output parameter to a remote system.
 28. The solar cell system ofclaim 21, wherein the at least one controller is further configured tooutput a control signal to a remote system in response to analysis of aplurality of sampled values of an output parameter.
 29. The solar cellsystem of claim 21, wherein the roll and pitch apparatus furthercomprises position encoders configured to determine the roll and pitchof each of the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules.
 30. A solarcell system comprising: at least one photovoltaic solar cell array,wherein each of the at least one photovoltaic solar cell arraycomprises: a plurality of clusters of solar cell modules arranged alonga roll axis, wherein each of the plurality of clusters comprises aplurality of solar cell modules and defines a pitch axis perpendicularto the roll axis, at least one pitch drive apparatus configured torotate at least one of the plurality of clusters of solar cell modulesabout its pitch axis, and at least one roll drive apparatus coupled tothe plurality of clusters of solar cell modules and configured to rotatetwo or more of the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules about theroll axis.
 31. The solar cell system of claim 30, wherein each of thesolar cell modules comprises a plurality of solar cell devices, whereineach of the solar cell devices comprises: semiconductor solar cellconfigured to convert sunlight into electrical energy; and aconcentrator lens configured to focus sunlight onto the semiconductorsolar cell.
 32. The solar cell system of claim 30, wherein two or moreof the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules are operativelyconnected together to move about their pivot axes together.
 33. Thesolar cell system of claim 30, wherein the system further comprises acontroller operatively coupled to the at least one pitch drive apparatusof the at least one photovoltaic solar cell array and to the at leastone roll drive apparatus and configured to control the roll and pitch ofeach of the plurality of clusters of the at least one photovoltaic solarcell array using the at least one pitch drive apparatus and the at leastone roll drive apparatus.
 34. The solar cell system of claim 30, whereinthe system further comprises at least one longitudinal support for eachof the at least one photovoltaic solar cell array configured to mountthe plurality of clusters of solar cell modules in alongitudinally-extending and spaced-apart arrangement; and at least onevertical support positioned along the at least one longitudinal support.35. A solar cell system comprising: at least one photovoltaic solar cellarray, wherein each of the at least one photovoltaic solar cell arraycomprises: a plurality of clusters of solar cell modules, wherein eachof the plurality of clusters comprises a plurality of solar cellmodules, a longitudinal support extending along a roll axis and coupledto the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules in alongitudinally-extending and spaced-apart arrangement, at least onevertical support positioned along the at least one longitudinal supportto support the longitudinal support and plurality of clusters of solarcell modules above a surface, and at least one roll drive apparatuscoupled to the longitudinal support and configured to rotate two or moreof the plurality of clusters of solar cell modules about the roll axis.36. The solar cell system of claim 35, wherein each of the solar cellmodules comprises a plurality of solar cell devices, wherein each of thesolar cell devices comprises: semiconductor solar cell configured toconvert sunlight into electrical energy; and a concentrator lensconfigured to focus sunlight onto the semiconductor solar cell.
 37. Thesolar cell system of claim 35, wherein each of the plurality of clustersof solar cell modules defines a pitch axis, wherein each of the at leastone photovoltaic solar cell array comprises at least one pitch driveapparatus configured to rotate at least one of the plurality of clustersof solar cell modules about the pitch axis.
 38. The solar cell system ofclaim 35, wherein each of the plurality of clusters of solar cellmodules defines a pitch axis, wherein two or more of the plurality ofclusters of solar cell modules are operatively connected together tomove about their pitch axes together.
 39. The solar cell system of claim35, wherein the system further comprises at least one controlleroperably coupled to the at least one photovoltaic solar cell array andconfigured to output a plurality of sampled values of an outputparameter to a remote system.
 40. The solar cell system of claim 35,wherein the system further comprises at least one controller operablycoupled to the at least one photovoltaic solar cell array and configuredto output a control signal to a remote system in response to analysis ofa plurality of sampled values of an output parameter.